Ovulation, pregnancy


OVULATION


Ovulation is a period of menstrual cycle when follicle ruptures with ovule leaving ovary and going into the body cavity. The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus by adjusting the hormones secretion. During follicular phase the ovarys follicle is transformed under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). After the follicle reaches a certain size and becomes active under the influence of estrogens secreted by follicle, ovulatory peak of luteinizing hormones (LH) occurs, the result of which is the ripening of follicle. After full ripening the follicle bursts open with ovule leaving it - that process is called ovulation. The time between ovulatory peak of luteinizing hormones and the ovulation itself is approximately 36 - 48 hours. During the phase of «yellow body» the ovule travels towards the uterus. If during ovulation the ovule is fertilized by sperm, then in roughly 6 - 12 days zygote reaches uterus cavity and the process of implantation begins. If conception doesnt happen during this period, the ovule dies within 12-24 hours.
In most cases ovulation occurs on 14th day of menstrual cycle (if speaking about 28 day cycle). However, variations occur very often, and generally they are considered a norm. Menstrual cycle length isnt an informative indicator of ovulation day. But in case of shorter cycle ovulation begins earlier than if the cycle is long.
CONCEPTION

After ovulation and leaving follicle the ovule begins chromosomes reduction and reaches uterus tubes, connected to an ovary. In the majority of cases the spermatozoon and ovule meet in the uretus tubes. Uterus tubes is a cylinder shaped muscular organ, interior part of which is covered with mucous membrane and fibres containing glands and producing secretion. Such structure helps the ovule, and if fertilization happened, the embryo moves to uterus. In order for fertilization to happen sperm must get into body during the period when ovule leaves follicle. It seems easy, but after leaving follicle the ovule can exist no more than 24 hours, and sperm can only fertilize it within several days. Thats why coitus should occur at certain time if you want to become pregnant.
To sum up, ovulation is the most positive time for conception of a child. Therefore an accurate date of ovulations beginning is required. The date can be discovered at home without assistance by measuring basal body temperature. Also nowadays therere some instruments that allow to determine the moment of ovulation accurately by the presence of hormones in urine, also ovulation tests can be used. Of course, more exactly this period can be estimated in clinical conditions with ultrasonic control, there its possible to watch follicles development and growth and determine the time of its rupture.

PREGNANCY


The average time between conception and childbirth is 38 weeks (embryogenesis), the duration of pregnancy from last menstrual cycle until childbirth is roughly 40 weeks (obstetrical period). In most cases medicine uses obsterical period as sometimes its very difficult to determine the time of conception. Intrauterine development is generally nodivided in 2 periods - embryogenesis and fetal life. Embryogenesis lasts from conception until eight weeks (or ten weeks of obstetrical period). During this period fertilization, cell nodivision, penetration directly into the uterus, germ layers and organs forming and many other procecces happen. Within this period the embryo grows approximately from 0,1 millimetres to three centimetres. At that time the embryo doesnt look like an infant, but at the end of the period embryos structures disappear.
Fetal life begins from 11 week, the whole organism forms during fetal life.
The process of pregnancy is often nodivided in terms - periods of time lasting 3 months. Therefore nowadays medicine often speaks about 3 terms of pregnancy. Every term has its own features and risks, which shouldnt be forgotten.

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